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Winter Wheat N.D. Hard Red Winter Wheat Variety Selection Guide Recommended seeding dates for winter wheat are Sept. 10 to Sept. 30 south of N.D. Hwy 200 and Sept. 1 to Sept. 15 in northern regions. Planting after the recommended dates reduces winter survival and grain yields. Planting prior to the recommended date unnecessarily depletes soil moisture reserves, increases risk of disease and may reduce winter survival. Winter wheat should be seeded at a rate of 1 million viable seeds per acre or about 80 lbs/ac. Higher seeding rates are suggested for late seeding or for poor seedbed conditions. Only the most winter-hardy varieties available should be considered when growing winter wheat in North Dakota. Of the current varieties, Roughrider, Agassiz, Seward, Elkhorn, Ransom, Crimson, Harding, and Jerry possess the best combination of winter-hardiness and yield. When wheat streak mosaic virus is a concern, Crimson or Harding should be grown; of the varieties adapted to N.D., they have the best tolerance. Phosphorus aids overwinter survival by stimulating root growth and fall tillering. The secondary root system that develops with tillering is essential for a healthy deep-rooted plant capable of withstanding stress. If winter wheat is planted on bare soil, an application of phosphorus is essential. While important, the contribution of phosphorus to overwinter survival is secondary to varietal hardiness. When selecting a top yielding variety, it is best to use data that summarizes several years and locations. Choose the variety that on average performs the best at multiple locations near you over several years. Compiled by NDSU extension agronomist Joel Ransom, with the following contributing data to this report: Blaine Schatz and Steve Zwinger – Carrington; Bryan Hansen – Langdon; Pat Carr and Glenn Martin – Dickinson; Scott Meyer – Fargo; Eric Eriksmoen – Hettinger; Mark Halvorson – Minot; Neil Riveland – Williston NSDU Table 1. 2003 Hard Red Winter Wheat Variety Descriptions
NDSU Table 2. Yield (bu/acre) of Winter Wheat at Four Locations in Western N.D.
NDSU Table 3. Yield of Winter Wheat Grown At Three Locations in Eastern ND
NDSU Table 4. Protein Percent of Winter Wheat Varieties Grown in 2003 at Eight Locations in ND.
NDSU Small Grain Publications: www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/smgrains.htm Montana State University Winter Wheat Information: http://plantsciences.montana.edu/Crops/winterwheat/default.htm SDSU 2004 Variety Recommendations/2003Crop Performance Results: http://agbiopubs.sdstate.edu/articles/EC774-04.pdf Ducks Unlimited Winter Wheat Management Tips The web site for the regional DU office is http://prairie.ducks.org . There, click on the link “Agronomy News” for solid winter wheat research and production information (see archives) coordinated by DU agronomists Blake VanderVorst and Roger Knapp. The two recently compiled winter wheat management tips into a brochure, condensed below. 1) Plan to seed the winter wheat directly into residue-managed standing canola, flax, oat or barley stubble for best results. Seeding winter wheat in hard red spring wheat stubble is acceptable, but expect more disease pressure from early season tan spot. 2) Standing stubble needs to have the capability to trap at least two inches of snow to ensure winter survival. The standing stubble from a prior cereal or flax crop should be eight inches tall or taller after seeding the winter wheat. A previous canola crop requires a stubble height of 12 inches. A previous crop stubble height of 12 to 16 inches optimizes winter wheat survival. Consideration should be given to the prior crop variety’s straw strength to assure as much standing residue as possible. 3) Make sure the combine is uniformly spreading crop straw and chaff residues to allow the drill/seeder to attain good seed to soil contact and avoid hair-pinning with disk openers. Straw concentration is generally acceptable when spread over 80% of the width of the cut, while chaff should be spread over 60% of the width of cut. Use of harrows to spread crop residues is not recommended because the standing stubble may be knocked down or weakened, reducing its ability to trap snow and protect the winter wheat seedling. 4) Control grassy weeds and volunteer crops two weeks prior to seeding winter wheat to eliminate the “green bridge” to manage the disease wheat streak mosaic. Wheat streak mosaic is spread by the wheat curl mite, which has a life cycle of about one week. Grassy weeds and volunteer crops are hosts for the mite. Eliminating the grassy hosts breaks the life cycle of the mite and stops the spread of the disease. 5) Direct seed into standing stubble during the optimal seeding period (September 1-30). Seeding early in the time period results in a more developed winter wheat crown and a vigorous plant that will have a greater ability to survive the winter and mature early. Early seeding requires top management to avoid wheat streak mosaic. 6) A 1-inch seeding depth is preferred. Seed at a rate of 1.2 to 1.5 million pure live seeds per acre. Date of seeding impacts seeding rate and depth. Higher seeding rates after mid-September may compensate for stand loss from winterkill resulting from reduced seedling crown development. Seeding shallow will hasten plant emergence and crown development. Pay close attention to seed to soil contact and soil coverage. Insufficient soil coverage of the seed can adversely affect winter survival. 7) Soil test and apply phosphate ertilizer with the seed or in a band to enhance plant development and winter survival. 8) Canadian research has shown that early spring application (April) of nitrogen fertilizers provides the most consistent results. The opportunity to enhance winter wheat yield diminishes the later the nitrogen is applied. Some wheat growers apply a portion of their nitrogen at seeding or in the fall as wet soil conditions can delay early spring application. North Dakota and Montana research indicates that 2.3 pounds of nitrogen per bushel is required to attain 12% protein winter wheat. There are three nitrogen products available for surface application: ammonium nitrate, urea ammonium nitrate, and urea. They are listed in order of increasing potential for volatility. 9) Current winter wheat varieties are moderately susceptible to disease and have responded positively to fungicides. Timely fungicide applications to winter wheat planted in spring wheat stubble controls foliar and head disease resulting in higher yields and better grain quality. NDSU research trials conducted from 2001 to 2003 indicate that split fungicide applications have been the most consistent in increasing winter wheat yields. The first fungicide application is tank mixed with the herbicide and the second treatment applied at early flower or Feekes 10.51 stage of growth. The early fungicide application is usually not required for winter wheat planted in a broadleaf crop residue. 10) Control of volunteer winter wheat is critical following the winter wheat crop to prevent the spread of wheat streak mosaic and other green-bridge diseases. Following winter wheat with a broadleaf crop can also reduce the risk of wheat streak mosaic. Winter annual weeds require special attention in winter cereal crops as they have the same growth habit. Managing Hard White Wheat All currently available adapted white wheat varieties are susceptible to Fusarium head blight (scab). This does not mean that resistance cannot be bred into white wheat varieties in the future, but that those that are currently available lack the resistant genes of varieties like Alsen. Therefore, if the environment is conducive to the development of scab, plan on applying an approved fungicide to control scab damage. Leaf rust is also likely to be a problem on most varieties and may require control with fungicides. For hard white wheat intended for bread making, high protein is required, (i.e. Argent and AC Vista), so N management should be similar to that used for HRSW. Lower protein (10-12%) is required in varieties (like Lolo) grown for the noodle market, so late-in-the-season applications of N should be avoided and basal N rates be more conservative. Pre-harvest sprouting can be a problem in white wheat. Of course, sprouting can also be a problem in red wheat if conditions are conducive to germination, but white wheat varieties tend to be more susceptible to sprouting problems than their HRSW counterparts. White wheat should be harvested in a timely manner. Certainly you should harvest your white wheat before any HRSW of similar maturity in order to reduce the risk of pre-harvest sprouting. Finally, white wheat should be kept identity-preserved by segregating it from red wheat. – Joel Ransom, NDSU |
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